An orthopedic surgeon diagnoses and treats musculoskeletal conditions through surgical and non-surgical means, addressing injuries involving bones, nerves, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and tumors. The role includes providing inpatient care, weekend rounding, and responding to emergency calls, managing complex trauma cases and post-operative follow-up. Key procedures include arthroscopy, total joint replacement, and joint repair focused on hip, knee, and shoulder regions.